![]() ![]() (Paris: Gallimard, 2010), 779–90.Ħ Jacques Revel, dir., Histoire de la France – L’espace français (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 2000), 7–8.ħ The term “Lavissian” previously appeared in the article by Shen Jian cited above. See Piaier Nuola (Pierre Nora), Jiyi zhi chang: Faguo guomin yishi de shehui wenhua shi 記憶之塲: 法國國民意識的社會文化史 (Lieux de mémoire: a social and cultural history of French national consciousness), Huang Yanhong et al, trans., (Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 2015).ĥ Philippe Joutard, “Mémoire Collective,” in Historiographie, II, Concepts et débats, ed. ![]() A partial Chinese translation of Les lieux de mémoire has recently been published. 3 Sun Jiang 孫江, “Piaier Nuola ji qi ‘jiyi zhi chang’” 皮埃爾諾拉及其記憶之塲 (Pierre Nora and his lieux de mémoire), Xuehai 學海, 2015 No. See Pierre Nora, “Les ‘lieux de mémoire’ sont-ils exportable?,” in Présent, nation, mémoire (Paris: Gallimard, 2011), 373–84.ģ Pierre Nora, “Y a-t-il des lieux de mémoire européens?,” in Présent, nation, mémoire, 385–91.Ĥ See Shen Jian 沈堅, “Jiyi yu lishi de boyi: Faguo jiyi shi de jiangou” 記憶與歷史的博弈:法國記憶史的建構 (A contest between memory and history: the formation of the history of French memory), Zhongguo shehui kexue 中國社會科學 ( Social Sciences in China), 2010, No. Spain, Russia, Luxembourg and various Eastern European countries have also seen the appearance of similar titles in recent years. (Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2005–2007) Mario Isnenghi, ed., I luoghi della memoria, 3 vols. Beck, 2001) Henri Wesseling, ed., Plaatsen van herinnering, 4 vols. 78 (1994): 178–82.Ģ In Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy there are many similar works that even have titles that are very close to that of Les lieux de mémoire: Etienne François and Hagen Shulze, eds., Deutsche Erinnerungsorte, 3 vols. This can be regarded as a new marker for a historical system: “presentism.”ġ Pierre Nora, “La loi de la mémoire,” Le débat, no. The proposed lieux de mémoire implies a profound change in the past, present and future relationships of French national history, a change that undermines historical continuity. Although inspired by Ernest Lavisse’s L’histoire de France, this study, more inclusive than Lavisse’s, is a reflective “second-degree history” that attempts to seek identity in the “inheritance” of national memory following the decay of nationalist ideology. ![]() It was in this context that les lieux de mémoire emerged Pierre Nora seeks to pursue a national consciousness without nationalism by recalling the realms of memory. A series of major social and political changes in French society of the 1970s reduced consciousness of the nation-state, and individualized historical memory and counter-memories and identities became increasingly prominent as the historical memory of the Lavissian nation-state fragmented. After World War II, the orientation toward economic and social history of France’s new history weakened the traditional national history narrative. ![]()
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